Professor Michael Otsuka

This course is available on the MSc in Economics and Philosophy, MSc in Philosophy and Public Policy, MSc in Philosophy of the Social Sciences and MSc in Political Theory. This course is available as an outside option to students on other programmes where regulations permit.

The first five weeks of MT will be devoted to the ethics of harming and saving from harm: (i) Why should one save the greater number from harm?; (ii) Should one be solely concerned to help the badly off, or should one also care about inequality?; (iii) Does it make a moral difference that a person is less well off than she could have been?; (iv) Why is it permissible to divert a tram so that it runs over one rather than five, whereas it is impermissible to kill a single individual in order to redistribute his vital organs to save the lives of five? (a.k.a. 'the trolley problem'); (v) Is there a morally significant difference between the intentional and the merely foreseen killing of someone? (a.k.a. 'double effect').

In weeks 6-10 of MT, we will cover the following more theoretical topics in moral philosophy: (vi) Kantian moral theory; (vii) Moral luck; (viii) Virtue ethics; (ix) Concern and moral worth; (x) Moral realism/anti-realism.

Lent Term will be devoted to the topic of justice. What does justice require? Does it demand the redistribution of income from rich to poor in order to create a more egalitarian society? We'll discuss the answers to this question that John Rawls and Robert Nozick have provided. Rawls argues that such taxation is just, since it would be endorsed under fair conditions in which people are deprived of knowledge of whether they happen to be rich or poor, talented or unskilled. Nozick argues that redistributive taxation is unjust because on a par with forced labour. In addition, we'll consider their answers to the following questions: When it is unjust to constrain the liberties of some in order to prevent harm to others? What sort of equality of opportunity for jobs and university places does justice require? Are people entitled to compensation for historical injustices? What are the just conditions of acquisition of unowned natural resources? In answering the last question, we will also draw on the writings of John Locke.

10 hours of lectures and 15 hours of seminars in the MT. 10 hours of lectures and 15 hours of seminars in the LT.

Seminars PH416 20 x one-and-a-half hours (MT, LT); Students are strongly advised to attend PH214 Morality and Values lectures, 20 x one hour (MT, LT).

Students will be required to participate in seminar discussions and to write three formative essays: two in the Michaelmas Term, and one in Lent.

John Taurek, ‘Should the Numbers Count?’ Philosophy & Public Affairs, 6 (1977) 293-316;

Derek Parfit, ‘Equality and Priority’, Ratio, 10 (1997): 202-221;

Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons, Oxford University Press;

Mark Timmons, Moral Theory, 2nd ed., Rowman & Littlefield;

Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals;

John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, revised edition, Harvard University Press;

Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia, Blackwell;

John Locke, Second Treatise of Government.

Exam (67%, duration: 2 hours) in the main exam period.
Essay (33%, 2000 words) in the ST.