************************************************************************************************** *** This do file creates the replication results for *** Free-Riding in Alliances: Testing an Old Theory with a New Method *** *** Thomas Plümper (University of Essex) *** Eric Neumayer (LSE) *** *** Published in: Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32 (3), 2015, pp. 247–268 ************************************************************************************************** ************************************************************************************************** /* Note: You have to change "local DIR" to the directory you copy the original stata files contained */ /* in the zip file and then run the do file. */ ************************************************************************************************** drop _all clear matrix clear mata capture net install outreg2, from(http://fmwww.bc.edu/RePEc/bocode/o) /* checks whether outreg2 is installed */ *********************************************************************************** local DIR = "d:\Research\Conflict\Military data\Whitten data\" /*change relative path to the directory where the files are located */ cd "`DIR'" *********************************************************************************** use "Article for CMPS (alliances).dta", clear tsset ccode year * Table 1*** Add country-specific spatial effects: who are the free-riders? /* List of country codes: 20 Canada 200 Great Britain 205 Ireland 210 Netherlands 211 Belgium 220 France 230 Spain 235 Portugal 255 Germany 305 Austria 325 Italy 350 Greece 375 Finland 380 Sweden 385 Norway 390 Denmark 640 Turkey */ * Summary desciptive stats (table 1) quietly xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, robust cluster(country) su milex_def_growth us_milex_def_growth soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs SE_var_main_contig_w if e(sample) * Main estimations xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, robust cluster(country) outreg2 using table2, replace excel capture drop freeride_degree gen freeride_degree=. replace freeride_degree=_b[20b.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[20b.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==20 replace freeride_degree=_b[200.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[200.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==200 replace freeride_degree=_b[210.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[210.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==210 replace freeride_degree=_b[211.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[211.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==211 replace freeride_degree=_b[220.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[220.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==220 replace freeride_degree=_b[235.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[235.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==235 replace freeride_degree=_b[255.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[255.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==255 replace freeride_degree=_b[325.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[325.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==325 replace freeride_degree=_b[350.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[350.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==350 replace freeride_degree=_b[385.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[385.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==385 replace freeride_degree=_b[390.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[390.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==390 replace freeride_degree=_b[640.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+ _b[640.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc] if ccode==640 replace freeride_degree=freeride_degree*-1 pwcorr freeride_degree real_GDP_1956_to_1988_av if year==1980, sig spearman freeride_degree real_GDP_1956_to_1988_av if year==1980, pwcorr freeride_degree real_GDP_1956_to_1988_av if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree real_GDP_1956_to_1988_av if year==1980 & ccode!=235, * Try Palmer (1990, ISQ) groups of smaller and larger non-US allies capture dropvars palmer_group_* gen palmer_group_small=0 replace palmer_group_small=1 if country=="Netherlands" | country=="Canada" | country=="Norway" | country=="Denmark" | country=="Belgium" | country=="Greece" | country=="Turkey" | country=="Portugal" gen palmer_group_big=0 replace palmer_group_big=1 if country=="United Kingdom" | country=="France" | country=="Germany" | country=="Italy" pwcorr freeride_degree palmer_group_small if year==1980, sig spearman freeride_degree palmer_group_small if year==1980, pwcorr freeride_degree palmer_group_small if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree palmer_group_small if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree number_borders_with_WP if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree number_borders_with_WP if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree borders_with_WP_dummy if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree borders_with_WP_dummy if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree number_contiguity_with_WP if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree number_contiguity_with_WP if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree contig_with_WP_dummy if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree contig_with_WP_dummy if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree dist_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree dist_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree distcap_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree distcap_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree distw_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree distw_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, pwcorr freeride_degree distwces_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, sig spearman freeride_degree distwces_to_SU if year==1980 & ccode!=235, * Estimate time-varying response functions (Vietnam war) capture drop vietnam gen vietnam=0 replace vietnam=1 if year>=1965 & year<=1973 xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth vietnam#ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth vietnam#ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, robust cluster(country) outreg2 using table3, replace excel quietly xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, est store main quietly xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth vietnam#ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth vietnam#ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, est store robust suest main robust, cluster(country) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[20b.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[20b.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#20b.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#20b.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[200.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[200.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#200.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#200.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[210.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[210.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#210.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#210.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[211.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[211.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#211.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#211.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[220.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[220.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#220.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#220.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[235.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[235.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#235.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#235.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[255.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[255.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#255.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#255.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[325.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[325.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#325.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#325.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[350.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[350.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#350.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#350.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[385.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[385.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#385.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#385.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[390.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[390.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#390.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#390.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[640.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[640.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#640.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.vietnam#640.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) * Estimate time-varying response functions (Soviet-Afghan war) capture drop afghan gen afghan=0 replace afghan=1 if year>=1980 xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth afghan#ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth afghan#ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, robust cluster(country) outreg2 using table3, append excel quietly xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, est store main quietly xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth afghan#ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth afghan#ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, est store robust suest main robust, cluster(country) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[20b.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[20b.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#20b.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#20b.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[200.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[200.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#200.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#200.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[210.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[210.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#210.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#210.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[211.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[211.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#211.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#211.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[220.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[220.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#220.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#220.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[235.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[235.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#235.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#235.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[255.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[255.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#255.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#255.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[325.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[325.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#325.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#325.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[350.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[350.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#350.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#350.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[385.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[385.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#385.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#385.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[390.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[390.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#390.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#390.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) lincom ( [main_mean]_b[640.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[main_mean]_b[640.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc])- ( [robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#640.ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth]+[robust_mean]_b[0.afghan#640.ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc]) * Include unit fixed effects and country-specific linear year trends estimations xi: xtreg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs ccode#c.year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, robust cluster(country) fe outreg2 using table3, append excel * Replace Soviet with Warsaw Pact military spending xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth ccode#c.warsaw_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar milex_gdp_initial3yrs year SE_var_main_contig_w if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & year>1955 & year<1989, robust cluster(country) outreg2 using table3, append excel * Include further control variables xi: reg milex_def_growth l.milex_def_growth ccode#c.us_milex_def_growth ccode#c.soviet_milex_def_growth_if_exc real_GDP_gr milconf_sum_intensity_coldwar GOV_min GOV_npty election_yr GOV_welfare GOV_hawk1 year if ccode>2 & ccode!=395 & ccode!=205 & ccode!=305 & ccode!=375 & ccode!=380 & ccode!=900 & ccode!=920 & ccode!=740 & ccode!=225 & ccode!=230 & ccode!=235 & ccode!=350 & year>1955 & year<1989, robust cluster(country) outreg2 using table3, append excel